Looking back on development and disaster‐related displacement and resettlement,anticipating climate‐related displacement in the Asia Pacific region

The realisation that climate change might necessitate resettlement of people displaced initially raised interest in the experience of development‐forced displacement and resettlement (DFDR). Looking back, in 1980 the first international policy on involuntary resettlement was approved to address perceived weaknesses in state property and expropriation law to safeguard people in the way of development projects. Since then international policy and praxis have brought global attention to developmentally displaced people but have not guaranteed them an effective safeguard. Recently, renewed attention has focussed on state legal and governance frameworks substantively and procedurally. Identifying four key policy objectives that resonate with climate change displacement I analyse their treatment in a data base of DFDR laws and regulations from 40 Asia Pacific states. This analysis finds overall little legal congruence. Innovative new formulations in some Asian state laws address recent public criticisms and research findings, but mostly are yet to demonstrate positive outcomes for displaced people. Pacific states increasingly abandon expropriation law to negotiate lease terms for public infrastructure projects with customary landowners that do not extinguish customary title. Any laws governing climate change relocations must protect rights, livelihoods, well‐being, inclusive decision‐making and community initiatives with procedures whilst not relinquishing climate‐change‐reducing action.     

气候变化对椰心叶甲在中国适生区的影响

为明确椰心叶甲在中国的潜在适生区,降低椰心叶甲入侵造成经济和生态损失,本研究以CLIMEX软件和椰心叶甲的生物学资料为依据,结合ArcGIS反距离加权插值分析功能,利用历史气候数据（1981—2010年）和模拟未来气候数据（2071—2100年）,分析气候变化对椰心叶甲在中国的潜在适生区的影响。结果表明：在历史气候条件下,椰心叶甲主要分布于中国的南部地区,高度适生区分布面积最大。在未来气候条件下,椰心叶甲在国内适生区总面积增加,适生区具有北移的趋势。本研究可为椰心叶甲的管理防控提供一定的理论依据。     

2008－2018年拉萨市温室蔬菜地时空变化特征

随着居民对蔬菜消费需求的不断提高，拉萨市温室蔬菜地得到快速发展，但对温室蔬菜地格局变化过程仍缺乏清楚的认识。该研究基于2008－2018年11期拉萨市高清遥感影像，结合实地调研，采用重心转移分析、地统计分析等方法，研究了2008－2018年拉萨市温室蔬菜地时空格局变化特征。结果表明：1）2008－2018年，拉萨市温室蔬菜地面积总体呈波动上升趋势，年均增长率为6.93%。研究时段内，温室蔬菜地变化经历了发展、调整、稳定三个阶段，各阶段年均变化率分别为11.08%、-2.13%和0.77%。2）研究时段内，拉萨市城关区和堆龙德庆区温室蔬菜地比例下降56.2%，达孜区和曲水县温室蔬菜地比例上升51.58%，温室蔬菜地分布重心向远离城区的城郊转移，向东南方向迁移了约4 896 m。3）新增温室蔬菜地向高海拔和大坡度区域转移，海拔3 675～3 800 m范围内温室蔬菜地面积比例由22.05%上升到30.41%，坡度6°～10°区域温室蔬菜地面积占比上升5.92%。4）温室蔬菜地新增源于耕地，减少多因为建设用地扩张。蔬菜需求量大和温室蔬菜收益高是温室蔬菜地面积增加的基本动力，区域土地利用调整是温室蔬菜地格局变化的重要推动力。     

Soil Organic Carbon and Soil Physical Characteristics as Affected by Land Uses under Semiarid Irrigated Conditions

ABSTRACT

Rice-Wheat rotation is the dominant land use in the state of Punjab, resulting in over exploitation of ground water resources. Thus, it is necessary to evaluate other land uses that requires less water and are sustainable. The present investigation was planned with four land uses viz., fallow (FLU), rice-wheat (ALU), grasses (GLU) and pear (PLU) with respect to their effect on soil organic carbon and soil physical characteristics in surface and subsurface depth in district Ludhiana, Punjab. The soil organic carbon (SOC) content was higher by 10, 30.9 and 24.9% under rice-wheat, grasses, and pear than that under fallow. The grasses showed higher soil moisture characteristics curve (SMCC) and lower bulk density (Db) than that under rice-wheat. The larger mean weight diameter (MWD) were observed under pear, grasses and fallow than that under rice-wheat by 0.21, 0.51 and 0.41 mm, respectively. The saturated hydraulic conductivity (K_s) was higher in magnitude by 56.1, 55.4 and 28%, respectively under PLU, GLU and FLU over ALU. Of the evaluated land uses, pear and grasses proved to be more sustainable by retaining more moisture, maintaining better soil physical characteristics and SOC under semiarid irrigated conditions in the state on long term gradual response.     

草地贪夜蛾形态特征及与3种玉米田为害特征和形态相近鳞翅目昆虫的比较

草地贪夜蛾Spodoptera frugiperda(J.E.Smith)是一种重要的世界性害虫,目前已经侵入我国云南省。田间调查发现,草地贪夜蛾与甜菜夜蛾S.exigua、斜纹夜蛾S.litura和黏虫Mythimna separata在玉米上往往混合发生,且形态相近,容易混淆。本文详细描述了草地贪夜蛾卵、幼虫、蛹和成虫的外部形态特征,并比较了其与甜菜夜蛾、斜纹夜蛾和黏虫的幼虫和成虫的形态差异。本文为草地贪夜蛾的准确鉴别和田间调查提供依据,并为草地贪夜蛾的精准测报奠定基础。     

鄂托克前旗近50年降水变化特征分析

本文利用鄂托克前旗1967-2018年气象观测站近50年的气象资料,对鄂托克前旗降水特征进行分析。结果表明：整体来说，鄂托克前旗的年降水量变化呈现微弱降低趋势，每10a大约减少1.2mm；28a时间尺度决定的主周期控制着该地区的年降水变化特征，通过周期和突变分析，预计未来三年左右降水高于多年平均值，随后的14年左右时间内降水量呈现减少趋势，逐渐低于多年平均降水量。     

Mapping the current and future distributions of Onosma species endemic to Iran

Climate change may cause shifts in the natural range of species especially for those that are geographically restricted and/or endemic species. In this study, the spatial distribution of five endemic and threatened species belonging to the genus Onosma (including O. asperrima, O. bisotunensis, O. kotschyi, O. platyphylla, and O. straussii) was investigated under present and future climate change scenarios: RCP2.6 (RCP, representative concentration pathway; optimistic scenario) and RCP8.5 (pessimistic scenario) for the years 2050 and 2080 in Iran. Analysis was conducted using the maximum entropy (MaxEnt) model to provide a basis for the protection and conservation of these species. Seven environmental variables including aspect, depth of soil, silt content, slope, annual precipitation, minimum temperature of the coldest month, and annual temperature range were used as main predictors in this study. The model output for the potential habitat suitability of the studied species showed acceptable performance for all species (i.e., the area under the curve (AUC)>0.800). According to the models generated by MaxEnt, the potential current patterns of the species were consistent with the observed areas of distributions. The projected climate maps under optimistic and pessimistic scenarios (RCP2.6 and RCP8.5, respectively) of 2050 and 2080 resulted in reductions and expansions as well as positive range changes for all species in comparison to their current predicted distributions. Among all species, O. bisotunensis showed the most significant and highest increase under the pessimistic scenario of 2050 and 2080. Finally, the results of this study revealed that the studied plant species have shown an acute adaptability to environmental changes. The results can provide useful information to managers to apply appropriate strategies for the management and conservation of these valuable Iranian medicinal and threatened plant species in the future.     

麻山药种植田沙壤土流动性离散元模型颗粒放尺效应

为简化麻山药-沙壤土复合体离散元模型，提高离散单元法在农业领域中的计算效率，以沙壤土为研究对象，在EDEM离散元软件中构建非球形颗粒，进行双目标参数标定试验，采用放大颗粒粒径方法，利用转鼓、坍塌与FT4流变仿真试验，从颗粒群动态堆积角、流动质量、流动速率以及能量等方面探究了颗粒放尺效应对颗粒群物理特性的影响。试验结果表明：干燥处理后的2 mm粒径沙壤土基质静态堆积角和动态堆积角平均值分别为32.16°和35.02°；与独立标定试验相比，双目标标定试验获得的仿真参数更具准确性与唯一性；在动态堆积角试验中，真实沙壤土颗粒在转鼓中所形成的动态堆积角随粒径和旋转速度的增大而减小，而在仿真试验中，转鼓转速相同情况下，非球形颗粒群在增大粒径的情况下所产生的动态休止角差异较小；坍塌试验中，不同粒径颗粒群在流动过程中的流动质量与平均流速变化趋势基本一致，但误差随粒径增大而增大；颗粒质量相同时，将粒径分别放大2倍及4倍，颗粒数量同比减少87.24%、98.92%，仿真时间明显缩短，计算效率显著提高；FT4流变试验表明，当放尺因子S为2时，阻力FV及其力矩T随时间变化的拟合曲线值约为原尺时的2倍，而当放尺因子S为4时，与原尺相比，拟合曲线斜率差异显著，相关性明显降低。研究结果可为构建沙壤土离散元放尺模型提供理论依据，同时也可为农业工程离散元放尺仿真计算提供一定参考。     

炭肥比和膨润土粘结剂对炭基肥颗粒理化及缓释特性的影响

为探究炭肥比和膨润土粘结剂对生物炭基肥理化及缓释特性的影响,以生物炭为基底,分别制备了炭肥比1:4,膨润土粘结剂质量分数为20%、15%、10%、5%和粘结剂质量分数10%,炭肥比为1:6、1:5、1:4、1:3的柱状尿素和氯化钾生物炭基肥颗粒,分析了生物炭基肥颗粒的理化及缓释特性。结果表明,在炭肥比为1:4条件下,膨润土粘结剂质量分数越高,生物炭基肥微观结构越紧密,力学和缓释特性越好,质量分数为20%时,氯化钾和尿素生物炭基肥平均抗压强度分别为286.78和281.27 N,前3天养分淋出率分别为45.53%和36.87%。在膨润土粘结剂质量分数为10%条件下,炭肥比越高,生物炭基肥缓释性能越好,炭肥比为1:3时,氯化钾和尿素生物炭基肥前3天养分淋出率分别为42.06%和40.32%。同时,氯化钾生物炭基肥表面孔隙先增后减,炭肥比为1:6和1:3的平均抗压强度分别为271.25和282.42 N。尿素生物炭基肥内部结构中孔隙变多,炭肥比为1:6时,平均抗压强度为最大值267.84 N。综合考虑,满足中等肥料浓度要求时,膨润土粘结剂质量分数为20%、炭肥比为1:4或膨润土粘结剂质量分数为10%、炭肥比为1:3的生物炭基肥成型配方较优。